As the Roman Catholic Church was establishing the official doctrines of the Church (for more on this click here) they included the teaching of Hell as a place of eternal, fiery torment (which is not to say it is true or false, only that it began there. Much of the imagery of Hell is identical with the Pagan underworld known as Hades. That such a place of eternal torment exists is today a most common belief among Christians still. Muslims also accept this belief. Some Hindus have a similar view except that Hell is of temporary duration.
The Christian belief is that God does not torture people in Hell and does not want anyone to go that dreadful place. Hell was created for the fallen angels (Gen. 6:1-6).
Humans go to Hell, it is taught, because they fail to make the decision necessary to achieve salvation, that being they refuse to accept the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus as taught by the Church. This is the standard answer. Hell is not something God "does to us," it is something we do to ourselves.
But, what does the Bible actually teach about this?
The Greek word "Hades" itself is in our biblical text 11 times. 10 of those times it is translated as "hell" and once as "grave" in the King James Version.
Here is what Strong's Concordance tells us about this word:
name: Hades or Pluto, the god of the lower regions Orcus, the nether world, the realm of the dead later use of this word: the grave, death, hell
This doesn't sound very Christian does it?
Another word is Tartaroo (tar-tar-o'-o) II Pet 2:4:
Word Origin: Greek, Verb from Tartaros (the deepest abyss of Hell) the name of the subterranean region, doleful and dark, regarded by the ancient Greeks as the abode of the wicked dead, where they suffer punishment for their evil deeds; it answers to Gehenna of the Jews to thrust down to Tartarus, to hold captive in Tartarus."
By far the most common Greek word translated as "hell" is Gehenna.
What is Gehenna? Verses like Joshua 18:16 tell us:
"And the border came down to the end of the mountain that lieth before the valley of the son of Hinnom [i.e. Gehenna], and which is in the valley of the giants on the north, and descended to the valley of Hinnom, to the side of Jebusi on the south, and descended to Enrogel..."
The valley was frequently used by Pagan people for their religious rites:
II Chron. 28:1 Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem: but he did not that which was right in the sight of the LORD, like David his father:
2 For he walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and made also molten images for Baalim.
3 Moreover he burnt incense in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and burnt his children in the fire, after the abominations of the heathen whom the LORD had cast out before the children of Israel.
4 He sacrificed also and burnt incense in the high places, and on the hills, and under every green tree [which suggests goddess worship, Ashteroth etc.].
Indeed, such acts were so common that they entered the language as figures of speech:
Matt. 5:29 And if thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out, and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body should be cast into [Gehena].
Again,
Luke 12:5 But I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear: Fear him, which after he hath killed hath power to cast into [Gehena]; yea, I say unto you, Fear him.
Some will argue that this doesn't prove Jesus wasn't speaking literally. Perhaps, but contrast this counsel:
Luke 17:2 It were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he CAST INTO the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones.
Who believes Hell is watery? No, Jesus was the Master of Parables:
Matthew 13:34 All these things spake Jesus unto the multitude in parables; and without a parable spake he not unto them:
Why? Because these were simple people and he wanted to make his teachings clearly relevant to their daily lives so they could understand. The city people often carried their trash to the dump. The flames and the stench was powerful. If one was thrown into those flames there would be no hope of survival! City people could understand the serious consequences and hence understood his analogy.
Likewise, if a heavy millstone stone were tied about one's neck and he/she was cast into the sea, there would be no hope. Fisher people understood this.
Besides, the idea of eternal damnation and torture by the God of Israel was unheard of! HaShem, the God of Israel, is just and merciful. An eternity of torment for even 80 years of so of sin is neither. So where did this teaching come from? Like so much of Christian dogma, the belief comes from Roman Paganism (compare http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades).
So what did Jesus teach?
Matt. 22:23 The same day came to him the Sadducees, which say that there is no resurrection, and asked him,
24 Saying, Master, Moses said, If a man die...[and his wife remarries even seven times...]
28 ...Therefore in the resurrection whose wife shall she be of the seven? for they all had her.
29 Jesus answered and said unto them, Ye do err, not knowing the scriptures, nor the power of God.
30 For in the resurrection they neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but are as the angels of God in heaven.
Master Y'shua believed in the resurrection, as taught by the Pharisees and rejected by the Sadducees' doctrine.
So, what do the rabbis (the Pharisees) teach? They teach the resurrection, just like Jesus did.
The other word translated as hell is that found in the Tanakh (the "Old Testament"). This word is sheol.
In the KJV, sheol is translated grave 31 times, hell 31 times and pit 3 times. While some Jews do believe in a place similar to purgatory -- for a time that never exceeds one year -- the word literally means grave. When a person dies they go to hell, to the grave. The Sadducees thought life ended there. Jesus, like the Pharisees, knew the soul is never destroyed.
Like the Pharisees, Jesus would have believed in the resurrection of the dead to the earthly Kingdom once it is established and in reincarnation in at least some cases. These were the beliefs of most Jews of the day (other than the Sadducees who were considered odd for not believing this). This doubtless is what Jesus believed and taught.
Belief in the eventual resurrection of the dead is a fundamental belief of traditional Rabbinic (and Karaite) Judaism. It was a belief that distinguished the Pharisees (intellectual ancestors of Rabbinical Judaism) from the Sadducees (that and that the rabbis embraced the Oral Torah which both the Sadducees and Jesus rejected). The Sadducees rejected the concept, because it is not explicitly mentioned in the Torah (although it is in my opinion strongly implied -- Ezekiel 37 for instance). The Pharisees found the concept implied in certain verses and taught directly in the Oral Torah such as the Babylonian Talmud.
Belief in the resurrection of the dead is one of Rambam's 13 Principles of Faith. The second blessing of the Shemoneh Esrei prayer, which is recited three times daily, contains several references to resurrection. (Note: the Reform movement, which apparently rejects this belief, has rewritten the second blessing accordingly).
The resurrection of the dead will occur in the messianic age, a time referred to in Hebrew as the Olam Ha-Ba, the World to Come, but that term is also used to refer to the spiritual afterlife. When the messiah comes to initiate the perfect world of peace and prosperity, the righteous dead will be brought back to life and given the opportunity to experience the perfected world that their righteousness helped to create. The wicked dead will not be resurrected according to Jewish authorities. this is one of many areas where I agree with Master Y'shua's reform movement.
There are some mystical schools of thought that believe resurrection is not a one-time event, but is an ongoing process. The souls of the righteous are reborn in order to continue the ongoing process of tikkun olam, mending of the world. Some sources indicate that this reincarnation is a routine process, while others indicate that it only occurs in unusual circumstances, where the soul left unfinished business behind. Belief in reincarnation is also one way to explain the traditional Jewish belief that every Jewish soul in history was present at Sinai and agreed to the covenant with G-d. (Another explanation: that the soul exists before the body, and these unborn souls were present in some form at Sinai). Belief in reincarnation is commonly held by many Chasidic sects, as well as many other mystically-inclined Jews. See, for example Reincarnation Stories from Chasidic Tradition ( http://www.jewfaq.org/olamhaba.htm).
For my recurring dream of my previous life as a Jew living in Bulgaria click here.
As for those who are utterly wicked:
"Gan Eden and Gehinnom
The place of spiritual reward for the righteous is often referred to in Hebrew as Gan Eden (GAHN ehy-DEHN) (the Garden of Eden). This is not the same place where Adam and Eve were; it is a place of spiritual perfection. Specific descriptions of it vary widely from one source to another. One source says that the peace that one feels when one experiences Shabbat properly is merely one-sixtieth of the pleasure of the afterlife. Other sources compare the bliss of the afterlife to the joy of sex or the warmth of a sunny day. Ultimately, though, the living can no more understand the nature of this place than the blind can understand color.
Only the very righteous go directly to Gan Eden. The average person descends to a place of punishment and/or purification, generally referred to as Gehinnom (guh-hee-NOHM) (in Yiddish, Gehenna), but sometimes as She'ol or by other names. Again, we can see how thoroughly this imagery has impacted Hebrew society. By using the term Master Y'shua was drawing upon a long established tradition.
According to one mystical Jewish view, every sin we commit creates an angel of destruction (a demon), and after we die we are punished by the very demons that we created. Some views see Gehinnom as one of severe punishment, a bit like the Christian Hell of fire and brimstone only of temporary duration. Other sources merely see it as a time of reflection wherein we consider the actions of our lives objectively, contemplate the harm that we have done and the opportunities we missed, and experience remorse for our actions. This view is similar to the Hall of Akashic Records that many mystics reference. The period of time in Gehinnom does not exceed 12 months, and then the soul ascends to take his place in Olam Ha-Ba.
Only the utterly wicked do not ascend at the end of this period; their souls are punished for the entire 12 months. Sources differ on what happens at the end of those 12 months: some say that the wicked soul is utterly destroyed and ceases to exist while others say that the soul continues to exist in a state of consciousness of remorse, others say the wicked are sent back to earth and reincarnated so as to understand their errors.
This 12-month limit is repeated in many places in the Talmud, and it is connected to the mourning cycles and the recitation of Kaddish" ( http://www.jewfaq.org/olamhaba.htm)
Hell, as an eternal place of torment, does not exist in my opinion. The Master of Parables merely used the well known at the time metaphor to illustrate the importance of submitting oneself fully to Hashem. Like so much of modern Christianity, the doctrine of hellfire and damnation rose from a Pagan source.
As this imagery continued we find references to the Lake of Fire in Revelation and so on. All such references are figures of speech.
First, I invite anyone who agrees with this "long time friend" of mine to show a single example of my ever disrespecting our Diksa Guru Maharaja, Srila Prabhupada!
